?

Subcellular localization

cilia, Nucleoplasm, Vesicles

Functional category

• Non-motile cilium / primary cilium

Function

Results showed that RAD51 localized predominantly at the base of the cilium, while ATR, PARP1, CHK1, and CHK2 were also detected within the ciliary shaft. Additionally, ATR, PARP1, CHK1 and CHK2 exhibited colocalization within the ciliary structure (Figure 1A). This suggests a spatial association between these DDR proteins and the cholangiocyte primary cilium, consistent with a potential functional interplay in DNA repair processes.